Franziska Barbara Keller

Dissertation Project

 

Networks of Power. Using Social Network Analysis to understand who will rule and who is really in chargein the Chinese Communist Party

Presented at APSA 2014, received John Sprague Award of APSA's Political Network section

 

This paper proposes a new theoretical and empirical approach to the understudied informal institutions of authoritarian regimes, relying only on publicly available information. It thus suggests a more principled, but also more nuanced way of measuring one such institution - informal networks - by inferring all possible ties among a set of elites. Social Network Analysis demonstrates that we can not only measure such a network among Chinese Communist elites - exponential random graph models confirm qualitative accounts of tie formation based on provincial origin, pre-P.R of China experience, and alleged factional alliance - but also that members of the future inner circle (the Politburo five or ten years later) can be identified solely by their specific network position capturing popularity as a coalition partner, and that
stable coalition leaders hold positions that prevent opponents from forming alternative coalitions. This finding is consistent with the results from an agent-based model, which associates the former with closeness centrality, and the latter with betweenness centrality. The paper thus demonstrates the importance of extending the empirical analysis of promotions in China beyond simple leader-follower dyads, by showing the effect of having multiple ties to power holders and an independent power base, and connects it with theories of authoritarian regimes, and coalition formation in particular.

 

Coalition Formation on Networks

Presented at ECPR2014, working paper available upon request

 

Political coalitions are usually thought to form along common interests or shared political views. But especially in authoritarian regimes, personal connections appear to play an equal, if not more important role. Connections are likely more relevant in such a low-trust environment, in particular when coordinating coups and the opposition, or in other situations in which actors, connections, or activities need to remain secret. This paper presents a theory in which the leader and a possible competitor form their coalition along network ties connecting members of the selectorate. The agent-based model shows that in all but the regular (i.e. complete Erdös-Rényi random) network, hierarchies quickly emerge, which can be identified through network centrality measures. Individuals with high closeness centrality, for instance, are popular coalition partners and therefore more likely to be included in the winning coalition. Coalition leaders with high betweenness centrality, on the other hand, are most likely to fend off all possible competitors, and maintain a stable rule. Preferential-attachment networks, which resemble complex patronage networks, have a clearer hierarchy, and therefore also produce more stable leadership.

 

Moving Beyond Factions: Using Social Network Analysis to Uncover Patronage Networks Among Chinese Elites

forthcoming in the Journal of East Asian Studies

 

Informal connections play an important role in regimes all across the world, but among China’s political elite, it is particularly factional affiliation that is said to determine who will rule and who will

fall victim to a purge. This paper argues that informal politics is better conceptualized through networks than factions, and identifies and evaluates two common approaches to measure such networks: the inductive approach, which relies on a qualitative assessment of insider sources, and the deductive approach, which infers the network from publicly available data. The paper evaluates several commonly used deductive networks using methods and concepts developed in Social Network Analysis, and finds that coworker networks perform best in these tests, but can be further refined by noting the number of instances of working together, or by taking into account promotions that have occurred while the two individuals were coworkers.

 

 

Network Experiments

Degrees of Separation: How Many Hands Must a Kazakh Citizen Shake until She Reaches the President? (with Adele Del Sordi)

Presented at MPSA 2014, working paper available upon request

 

This paper explores how “close” residents of the two largest Kazakh cities (Almaty and Astana) are to the government - represented by a parliamentarian, a high-level official of the ruling party, and a member of the local administration in Almaty, respectively. The paper reports on two parts of a pilot: the results of an inquiry into the ego networks of a random sample of residents in the capital finds that respondents who have more government employees among their relatives are more likely to vote.

They also display a higher level of  diffuse support for the government, but are not more satisfied with concrete public goods provision. The effect is weaker if the relatives only work in menial positions.
The second part of the survey attempts to trace the informal chains between ordinary citizens and government representatives using the method employed by Milgram's “six degrees of separation” experiment: I ask volunteers and randomly sampled residents to relay a envelope with a greeting card to one of the government representatives by passing it to an acquaintance more likely to know the target official on a personal basis, and asking him or her to pass it on in a similar manner. Respondents apparently navigate the social network successfully: the messages reach more connected individuals the further they travel. Individuals closer to the government on those chains are also more likely to support the regime and turn out to vote.

 

 

Authoritarian Stability

 

(Why) Do Revolutions Spread?

Presented at APSA 2012

 

The research of revolutions - attempts to overthrow or change the government relying on mass movements - has been mostly limited to qualitative case studies. Big-N, quantitative studies have focused on events that are similar, but not identical to revolutions, like civil wars, political violence, democratization or general instability.

This paper introduces a new dataset of revolutionary events, covering independent states between 1946 and 2007. It tests if such events are "contagious", because opposition leaders and citizens use the situation in neighboring, similar countries as a heuristic to gauge hidden support for a popular uprising in their own country. The spatial model employed provides evidence that revolutions do indeed spread between autocracies, but less so among democracies. This is consistent with the mechanism suggested, as preference falsification is more common in autocracies. Other factors that increase the chance of a revolutionary event occuring are the size of the population, having a neither highly authoritarian nor very democratic regime, democratic neighbors and the absence of free resources like oil. Sharing regime type and geographical region with a country undergoing a revolution makes it more likely that the unrest will spread, while sharing the same cultural zone does not.

 

How to Spot a Successful Revolution in Advance

Poster presented at PolNet 2013, received Best Poster Award, complete working paper available upon request

 

Despite conventional wisdom that a dictator is better off facing an opposition divided into many groups and with few connections between them, this paper finds that under some circumstances, a strategy of "divide and conquer" could actually help the emergence of a popular protest movements. Using network simulations, I model how individuals join protest movements based on their friend's decisions to protest and predict in what kind of societies a small group of protesters can set off a "protest cascade", mobilizing a large part of society.

In this examination of the spread of complex contagion in a network with homophilic clustering based on group membership, I find that both the level of segregation and the number of subgroups display a inverse U-shaped relationship with the probability of a cascade occurring. Furthermore, in a society with two groups, a smaller group can be more effective in starting a cascade than a larger one. This finding can be explained in terms of clustering induced by the size and number of groups. A low level of clustering prevents cascades from setting off, while a high level of clustering increases the probability that a cascade fails to spread to other subgroups. Unlike the findings of other theoretical studies on cascade capacity, the latter result can be validated empirically, because we do have information on the size and number of subgroups in different societies. I therefore test the model's prediction using data on the size and number of ethnic groups and protests in Kyrgyzstan's 56 districts (2000-2007).

 

Finding Support Elsewhere - Elections and Coup Deterrence

Presented at MPSA 2013, working paper available upon request

 

I test the hypothesis that leaders use elections to signal their strength to potential opponents in an attempt to deter (military) coups. Using rare events logistic regression on monthly data from 3 new datasets, I find that leaders who held an election in which their position was at stake within the last months are less likely to face a coup attempt. This relationship is stronger for leaders who have come to power in an irregular fashion and weaker if the election in question was flawed - i.e. if it was a plebiscite, if media coverage was biased in favor of the incumbent, if the opposition protests afterwards, or if observers claim to have detected fraud.

 

 

Research Using Historical Data

 

"Yes, Emperor" - Controlling the Bureaucracy in an Authoritarian Regime. On the Appointment of Qing Dynasty Provincial Governors, 1644-1912

Presented at MPSA 2013, working paper available upon request

 

Faced with weak norms of rule of law, limited independent information flows, and adverse geography typical of authoritarian regimes in developing countries, how can a leader ensure that local bureaucratic agents do not abuse their power for their own good? I argue that he will rely on shared preferences and the agent's dependency on him. I test this using information on all provincial governors during the Qing Dynasty, distinguishing between direct appointments by the emperor and regular ones. I find that the emperor was not more likely to select candidates of the same ethnicity or clan, who could be assumed to share his preferences (but also those of other Manchu elites). The emperor was, however, more likely to select candidates that have less support within the bureaucracy or from rich families, indicated by the fact that they haven't attained any position through inherited privileges or by purchase, or by not having passed the highest level of the bureaucratic entrance exams. I conclude that leaders might institutionalize "meritocratic" recruitment into bureaucracy through examinations not (only) to increase the quality of bureaucrats, but to prevent alternative recruitment strategies that favor agents with loyalty ties to competitors in the inner circle.